Seeing Red :: Vision Psychology Essays

Seeing Red Humans receive about 70-80% of information about their surroundings from sight. Baring this in mind, it is clear that for humans, being able to see the environment in which we live can greatly determine how we interact with that environment. For people (as well as for other animals, although not all), color is an important component of sight. Socially, color is extremely important. For example, red, green, and yellow are all used in directing traffic. Stoplights and signs are red; a green light indicates that it is safe to proceed. Yellow symbolizes the need for caution, orange alerts drivers to construction. While all these signs could be executed in black and white (for the written messages would be the same), color is used to help drivers tell the difference between types of messages. Color usage in society is not limited to driving; advertising, school buildings, offices, etc. use color theory. Color theory is the idea that colors can influence people, and that different col ors produce different reactions. A lot of people would agree that different colors mean different things or cause different moods, but cannot say exactly why or how. The answers are fuzzy to say the least. One of the most widespread ideas is that different colors stand for or signify different things. However, one must keep in mind a basic fact; it being that "colors often have different symbolic meanings in different cultures. For example, white is the color for weddings in western societies but for funerals in traditional Chinese culture; red is associated with rage in America but with happiness in China. In American fashion and decoration, blue is for boys while pink is for girls, which is a symbolic use of color that are not shared by many cultures" (6). After saying something like that, the next question would be: does this mean that colors and the moods/reactions that they may (or may not) elicit are culturally constrained, or is there still some underlying biological reason for moods/reactions to alter due to color? A site on the server for Cornell University notes, "some of these responses seem to be powerful and fairly universal" (5). It is interesting to then look at the idea of chromotherapy; the use of colored light to heal. In a paper by Owen Demers he writes, "This [chromotherapy] is not a new age idea.

Family Law

Family Law Essay Introduction * As societies become more diverse and complex; the law needs to reflect these changing social values in order to remain just. * State something relating to given question. * State thesis: Thus, family law is very effective/only effective to an extent in †¦ * This is due to the success of law reforms that effectively address †¦ * However, this effectiveness is hindered by the limited changes made to include same-sex marriage within current legislation. Effective] Divorce Divorce is the legal dissolution of a marriage. The Australian family law system has implemented significant law reforms that redress the matter of divorce in accordance to changing societal values. * Prior to 1974, divorces applied under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1959 were on the ground of ‘fault’, which included 14 grounds such as infidelity, cruelty and desertion; whereby one or both spouses had to admit to their wrongdoing that undermined their divorce. Such s ubmissions for divorce were perceived as socially immoral and thus those who took these actions were negatively judged by the community.* However, in 1975, a major reform to family law occurred whereby the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) was passed and introduced ‘no fault’ divorce, where the only ground was ‘irretrievable breakdown’, which allowed couples to divorce after separation. * This idea of a 12 month separation period with the intention to divorce was established in the Tye v Tye case. Ultimately, the reform increased the accessibility of divorce and reduced the stigma attached with it. This fundamental change to divorce law was clearly a reaction to changing social values, where society has accepted that people should not be left trapped in an unhappy marriage, reinforcing the basic right to live in freedom. [Effective] Domestic violence Domestic violence has been recognised as an ongoing social issue and community-wide problem, rather than just a â₠¬Ëœprivate matter’. Hence legislative reforms have effectively reflected these changing attitudes in he community through introducing further protection for victims of domestic violence as a means of improving previous legislation. * In the 1800s, domestic violence against women was acceptable as they were under ownership of men.* Over time the legal system has overcome these injustices in order to reflect the importance of individual’s rights, through the introduction of the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 (NSW) which amended the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) as it provided extensive protection children and adults victims of domestic violence. Such protection predominately include Apprehended Domestic Violence Orders (ADVOs) which are an effective means in reducing the incidence of domestic violence as they are a quick, inexpensive and accessible form of protection which is supported by full weight of the criminal law if breached. * The effectiveness of ADVOs is highlighted in the article, â€Å"Girl died of starvation, neglect: doctor† (21/05/09, SMH) as this legal instrument had protected the lives of two children from suffering the same neglect as their deceased sister, at the hands of their parents. [Ineffective] Recognition of same-sex relationshipsAs society diversifies, there is an increasing acceptance of same-sex relationships; which, however is not accurately reflected within the family legislation. * Initially, there have been progressive improvements to family law including the introduction of the Property (Relationships) Legislation Amendment Act in 1999 which changed the definition of de facto relationships to non-gender specific and the Same-sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws – General Law reform) Act 2008 removed discrimination in areas such as tax, superannuation, child support and social security. However, in 2004, the Commonwealth Government reaffirmed the traditional concept of marr iage in the Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) as the union of man and woman, which automatically forces same-sex marriage to be void in Australia.* The exclusion of same-sex marriage within family law demonstrates that there are still changes needed to be made in order to meet the injustices of current law. This demand for change is evident in the media article â€Å"Gay marriage advocates rally around nation† (12/05/12, AAP) which reports thousands of peaceful protestors across Australia rallied in support of same-sex marriage. From this article, it shows the family law’s lack of improvements from previous laws that similarly failed to meet the values of society as communities are force to take extreme measures just to voice their basic right. Therefore, the exclusion of same-sex marriages in family law deems it as highly ineffective in improving previous laws as it indicates the lack of initiative made to meet changing social values.

Should Animal Testing Be Illegal - 2083 Words

Haylie Galvan Mrs. Richardson Argument Essay 5 December 2014 Saving One Fur Ball at a Time Through the years, animal experimentation has played a key role in leading to breathtaking discoveries in medicine, products, and cosmetics. However, what many people tend to forget are the numbers of animal subjects that have suffered serious harm during the process of experimentation. Each day across the United States innocent animals are used as test subjects for products that have little to no relevance importance. Animal testing has had many negative issues that accompany it in society. Debating over the animal rights movement has raised many questions and concerns for years. There is an ongoing controversy regarding if companies should stop testing their products on animals. Although animal research has been the cause of many medical breakthroughs, it is considered morally and ethically right to put animals in these kinds of situations. One of the most asked questions in society is: should animal testing be illegal? When considering how truly relia ble the results of animal test are, and the expense of testing will help bring new light to the problem. By simply passing a policy will not only address this issue but will help better products and medicine in the future. There are many reasons why the opposing viewpoint find animal testing to be an effective method. Many would argue that animal testing has contributed too many cures for illness’s and treatments that are life-saving.Show MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Be Illegal1189 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion animals worldwide are used in laboratory experiments each year† (About Animal Testing). Animal testing has been used since the BC years, and it is used to understand and compare how things might affect the human body. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company released a drug that was poisonous to humans unknowingly. It ended up poisoning many people, and resulted in several deaths. After this incident, experiments on animals became more important in the medical world (Hajar, Rachel). Animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Illegal827 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should Be Illegal Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of animals in experiments to test product safety. I believe it is a big problem in our society. Every year at least 2.7 million animals are killed in laboratories in Australia alone and at least thirty-three animals die each second worldwide, due to cruel animal tests. Many companies feel it is okay to test on animals because they are deemed not as physiologically or emotionally complex as humansRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Illegal?955 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing is widely used today for a variety of different reasons ranging from testing new medical treatments for serious diseases to testing new cosmetics. Due to the widespread nature of animal testing, there are those who argue that animal testing is morally wrong and that it causes unnecessary suffering in animals. However, there are some that believe animal testing’s ability to reduce human suffering makes it morally right, good, and useful. Throughout this paper, I will argue that testingRead MoreHave You Ever Seen A Cruelty Free Symbol In The Shape Of1430 Words   |  6 Pagescontents were made without it being tested on an animal first. But what if the symbol wasn’t on the bottle? Have you ever thought of what would happen to that bunny you would usually see in a pet store? To answer this question, commonly, animals put through experimentation are put through force feeding, food deprivation, and inflictions of wounds. That bunny probably is not okay right now. Cosmetic companies all over the world endanger the lives of animals to test toxicity and irritation of products.Read MoreAnimal Testing Proposal Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of animals are being unneedlessly tested on for cosmetics, even though there are plenty of alternatives available and most of the results are unreliable or not applicable to humans. Although the fight against animal testing has made huge progress recently, America has ye t to stop this cruel practice and chooses to torture animals while other countries are making a stop to the testing (â€Å"Animal Testing 101†). Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are lockedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1080 Words   |  5 Pageshappens to the thousands of animals that aren’t in the rescue centers? Do you ever wonder what happens to those animals bought and never to be seen again? Two words, Animal Testing. This awful way of testing hundreds of companies products on these poor, innocent animals. Half to almost all of those animals get killed by these confused researchers looking for a way to make a profit. We need to find an alternative for these cruel researchers. We need to free those animals, they deserve to have a normalRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Bad1374 Words   |  6 PagesAGAINST ANIMAL TESTING! The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but rather, Can they suffer?   Did you know that over a hundred million animals get injured or die due to animal testing? But when you think about is it actually legal? So the thing is it doesn’t matter what we think because there are people who want themselves to live a better life then the animals and they do experimentation on the animals just so humans can live a better life. AndRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some animals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Outlawed Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesof innocent and helpless, animals are being tortured and murdered. They are used for product testing as well as to put into products without consumer knowledge. These defenseless animals are deprived of respect and are victimized to an extent where it becomes unbearable to watch. There are many organizations that are trying to fight for animal rights. However, these organizations struggle with is because there is no legislation in the United States to combat animal testing. Even though it is not againstRead MoreAnimal Rights Should Not Be Banned1290 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Rights There she sits in her favorite restaurant at her favorite steak house ordering her most favorite meal, steak. It s hunting season and he has been waiting all year to go deer hunting with his father and he just can t wait. The 8 year old girl goes to the doctor sick and discovers she has diabetes. In order to live, she has to inject herself with insulin everyday for the rest of her life. If animal rights is a law then we wouldn t have the luxury of any of these things. Although animals

Applying Ball State University As An Example - 1469 Words

Attending college is just another step in life that will benefit you in the long run. Growing up in the U.S. we have been naturalized into following key steps, that are necessary to ones success. Leaving college to be one of the last barriers an individual must accomplish in order to become what society deems as successful. Using Ball State University as an example we will be discussing these three primary objectives, education, service, and research. In addition to identify who they serve as far as their fellow students and the general public. Lastly we will be discussing any adjustments to the publicness if the organization. A major primary objective Ball State University has is focused on encouraging education. They happen to offer†¦show more content†¦Whether it s the cost of your course materials, living expenses, or tuition it all ends up affecting your performance in school. College can become very pricy, and looking for ways to stay out of debt can be stressful. How ever Ball State happens to offer over 500 scholarships for incoming students, 329 on-campus employers, and every four out of five students receive merit-based financial aid. In fact a student at Ball State on average only borrows $27,000 in loans compared to $35,000 an average student in the U.S. may borrow. While ultimately the main goal of a college university is to recruit more students and increase their current knowledge. Many universities focus on other aspects such as research development. Ball State happens to encourage students and faculty to bring forth any research ideas they may have. Two programs called Sponsored Projects Administration and Ball State Innovation Corporation (BSIC), is meant for finding and funding new research opportunities, in attempt of educating others. The Rivers of Research is apart of an ongoing research program that is examining how we as human beings affect watery ecosystems. This program was developed by Mark Pyron who is a biology professor at Ball State. Mr.Pyron is focused on discovering the influences humans have on potential public drinking waterways within America, since a third of the U.S. consumes their water from river banks.Show MoreRelatedLaw Binding Contract1657 Words   |  7 Pagesby anyone, as in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 2 Q.B 49. †¢ Advertisements are normally interpreted as invitations to treat, Granger and Sons v Gough (1896) AC 325. However they may be regarded as offers if they are unilateral, and may be accepted by the whole world Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 2 Q.B 49. Furthermore, an advertisement can be an offer and not just an invitation to treat if it is very specific and detailed, for example, deposit on a bank account, as in CarlillRead MorePain Pump Balls1134 Words   |  5 Pagessurgeons and anesthesiologists have implemented the use of continuous peripheral nerve blocks (CPNB), often referred to as pain pump balls, specifically we use the OnQ balls. â€Å"The On-Q infusion device is an elastomeric device with a flow regulator that controls the flow of a local anesthetic agent through a peripheral catheter† (Burnett, 2011). The pain pump balls are intended to decrease post-op pain and maximize patient’s ability to participate in physical therapy. The question is , how effectiveRead MoreNon Exempt Purposes At A University Stand Point1139 Words   |  5 PagesLooking more closely at a university stand-point, revenue produced from a non-exempt purpose is subject to potential taxation from the unrelated business income. With the formal definition in place, the following will provide a few specific examples of regular activities that universities participate in that may or may not qualify as unrelated business income: A.) University X, an exempt university, has racquet ball courts within a sporting facility along with dressing rooms that are available duringRead MoreThe College Board And Act Nonprofit Organizations1341 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristically demonstrate strong reading skills with well-developed vocabularies in addition to successfully employing a variety of test-taking strategies. Unless unequivocally eliminating the potential of ever attending a four-year college or university, it behooves most high school students to prepare and take one of the college admissions examinations. And regardless whether the SAT becomes the choice or not, the Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (PSAT/NMSQT) shouldRead MoreMale And Female Norms During 19th Century Mexico City1578 Words   |  7 Pagespublished in 1886 and written by Josà © Tomà ¡s de Cuà ©llar, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000) is a novella about nineteenth century Mexico. The author wrote this novel to express his thoughts and ideas regarding the manner in which men and women interacted with each other during this time. Cuà ©llar believed that the Mexican culture set impossible standards, and he conveys this ideology within the short story, Having a Ball. He concluded that men should seek women with more substance, rather thanRead MoreEnglish As Second Law Essay1027 Words    |  5 Pagesstandardized tests. The law requires students who are not proficient in English to attain passing scores on English-language tests. The numbers of English as Second Language (ESL) students in the United States (US) are increasing, which could present a number of issues for colleges and universities. In the US, many students speak a second language. However, these students speak English first and their native language second because they were born in the US. They speak their native language with theirRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports1571 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent athlete tends to be well prepared for approaching any obstacles that life may give them, as well as trying to be successful in what student athletes do inside and outside the classroom. For example, student athletes will be well prepared when entering high school, going to a university, applying for jobs, becoming a parent, etc.. In addition, studies have proven to show that the growth in attendance per sta dium, in recent amount of years, has increased in value. Ratifying the statement thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Education On Schools1277 Words   |  6 Pagessource of debate in whether it is an essential asset to a schools curriculum. With a failing economy at hand the first subjects to be eradicated are music, drama, and physical education. Dr. Dudley Sargent, a pioneer in physical education at Harvard University, suggest otherwise. In his article, Physical Training as a Compulsory Subject, Sargent argues that physical education is not only beneficial to the individual but is a great asset to a schools curriculum because only nourishing the mind and notRead MoreAlgebra, Logical Thinking, Or Prerequisite For Future Courses Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation which is considered to be abstract thinking. When they apply for a job or in a work setting the employers will look for these abstract thinking skills. In the article, â€Å"Should Algebra Required† by Hac ker who appeared in the New York Times, he states that taking algebra is an obstacle for many students to graduate from college. Hacker indicates that algebra should be considered prudent because it â€Å"develops student’s problem solving skills, which involve step-by-step analysis† (2012). Based onRead MoreMy First Semester At College876 Words   |  4 PagesBlue Bonnet Girls State this past summer. I believe that involving myself in these three organizations gives me the extra drive a student needs to flourish as an aspiring student to UT Austin. I grew up in a good home as a child and my parents both pushed me to the best of my ability that thankfully got me accepted into this amazing university. My first semester at college was a positive learning experience, although it was also incredibly challenging for me. Coming to The University of Texas was a

How did the perception of women change in WW2 Essay

How was the perception of women changed throughout the Second World War? World War Two (WW2) broke out in 1939 and would have great effect on the Australian Home Front. The impact was particularly felt by women and their role in society changed to a significant extent. These changes are clearly evident from many factors that took place during the course of the war although, the most significant changes were due to the introduction of women to the predominantly male orientated workforce, fashion change and restrictions and the ‘friendly invasion’ of the American troops. Through identifying these changes it is clear to see how the role and perception of Australian women was completely changed. Women in the workforce are commonly†¦show more content†¦With these restrictions fashion had to change and become more dull bringing the femininity out of clothing to simplify it and use less materials. Mendes states â€Å"In 1942 the design of new clothes was regulated so styles didn’t go out of fashion, No double breasted jackets... No pleated or darted pockets... Trousers were only permitted one hip pocket and the hems were narrowed† (2010,p.108). This is extended on by Olds when they state â€Å"civilian clothing often mirrored military uniform style... women’s nipped in waists were let out leaving shapeless character†(2001,p.49) Both sourced corroborate that the extent of the regulations was excessive and created many difficulties. By doing this it removed the ability to express women’s character and physique through their clothing. Also they felt it lowered their appeal to men and society which in turn effected their perception. The c hange in fashion altered the perception of women to society and toShow MoreRelatedBlack Men : A And Iron Triangle874 Words   |  4 PagesProfiled in Miami: Connected to Iron Triangle? In recent years, our views of diverse races have gone from being particular, to being almost certain in our heads. Since the case of Michael Brown, our nation has been keeping a close eye on the men and women that guard us on our homeland. Black men in a certain area of Miami are being profiled for incoherent reasons. Policemen, but not all of them, are indulging on these situations for some reason. This is potentially a major problem. Finding out whyRead MoreWaiting For Godot And Dr Strangelove Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesarise from particular ways of thinking and possess an enduring relevance.† Following the dropping of the atomic bombs at the end of World War Two, global consciousness began to slowly change due to the realisation that civilisation could be destroyed at the press of a button. Texts that are able to grasp these changes, depicting their immediate context while also reflecting on universal questions, possess enduring value. Waiting for Godot, the 1952 stage play by Samuel Beckett, challenged the ideaRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1385 Words   |  6 Pagesretributions of Jewish representation, treatment and discrimination has been highlighted with their part and punishment received to their innocent race in historic events. But due to the horrific atrocities Jewish people have suffered during the WW2 under Hitler’s repugnant and persecution before that as mentioned. Up to the present day pragmatics are very predisposed to the use of speech that disseminate the foundation and formation of our personal Jewish Stereotypes, views andRead MoreHow Is The Feminine And The Masculine Defined In Asia?1961 Words   |  8 PagesHow is the feminine and the masculine defined in Asia? You must consider at least two countries and discuss both masculinity and femininity. To understand how femininity and masculinity is aligned in Asian countries, it is important to understand the political events of the time and how this influences the domains of men and women. Each evolvement of a country, through a political sphere, seeks a new identity and thus helps correlates the understanding of the changing definition of femininity andRead MoreCompare how women are presented in ‘Of Mice and Men’ and ‘An Inspector Calls’.1759 Words   |  8 Pages‘What freedom men and women could have, were they not constantly tricked and trapped and enslaved and tortured by their sexuality’ – John Steinbeck In ‘Of Mice and Men’ and ‘An Inspector Calls’ both authors indirectly show their beliefs and opinions towards women and the way they are treated by society. In the time both texts were set- 1912 and the 1930’s- women were generally seen as a lesser class than men and due to their sexuality, they were not treated fairly. Steinbeck and Priestley show thisRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1764 Words   |  8 Pagesthe civilian population including women and children. That invasion could have been the greatest bloodbath in history.† (Capitalism Magazine - ‘The Morality of Dropping the Bomb’). The debate of whether dropping the bombs was really necessary is always discussed with the alternatives that could have proved to be a less destructive but effective option. In his memoirs, US President Harry Truman cited General George C. Marshall’s observation in the Australian’s WW2 anniversary series â€Å"the b omb† whichRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2091 Words   |  9 Pagesin 1925 and Death of a Salesman 1949, gives a slightly different perspective being post WW1 and WW2 due to the state of America changing. The gender roles of men and women altered over this period as the war forced a change in responsibilities. The play Death of a Salesman was well received and has since been revived many times on Broadway. Whereas when published, The Great Gatsby had varied views and did not sell well, it was later after the Second World War that the novel received widespread appreciationRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On The Media2801 Words   |  12 Pagesrepresentation and it is therefore not a new phenomenon in the 21st century. In Stuart Hall’s, The Perception of the Other, he describes what began to shape our notions on racial ideologies and differences as having happened during three incidents: the first was the contact of European traders and West African kingdoms, the second as the â€Å"European colonization of Africa,† and the third as the â€Å"post-WW2 migrations from the ‘third world’ into Europe and North America† (Hall 1997). During these threeRead MorePublic Relations And Understand The All Encompassing Impact Pr Has On Our Daily Lives1990 Words   |  8 Pagesattitude of a population towards some cause or position† has been in use for thousands of years. Whether it was used by kings or religious leaders, propaganda has been put into effect to control and subvert the masses over which they ruled over. Following WW2 and Hitler’s brutal and effective use of propaganda the word took on a nefarious connotation spurring Bernays to coin Public Relations. Throughout time leaders have used various methods of persuasion to enforce their image of power over their constituentsRead MoreThe Psychedelic Art Culture From The Counterculture Revolution Of The 1960 S3588 Words   |  15 PagesMany people such as Buckminster Fuller and his theoretical basis of Technological Utopainism . Also Lain Banks and his book Culture , believe the advancement of technology and science will allow Utopian living standards in the future providing changes in human nature and human conditions alongside none existent suffering and death resulting in the diminish of Dystopian believe. Artificial means come into place removing normal functions of human activity such as eating, sleep and even reproduction

Lack of Sleep Effects Student’s Gpa Free Essays

Lack of Sleep Has a Direct Effect on a Student’s GPA Gilbert, S. P. , Weaver, C. We will write a custom essay sample on Lack of Sleep Effects Student’s Gpa or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2010). Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 24(10), 295-306. Retrieved September 25, 2012, from the SocIndex database. Key Terms Defined GPA: Grade Point Average DWI: Dropped, Withdraw, Incomplete (Classes) GDI: Goldberg Depression Inventory PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Summary This study was done to identify the relationship between sleep deprivation and a student’s academic performance in areas such as GPA, class attendance, and incomplete assignments. 557 people were used for this with 35. 7% being male and 64. 3% being female. And the average age of the subjects being 19. The participants of the study were asked to complete several surveys to determine if they qualified for the study. A demographic survey asked about their GPA and the courses they dropped, withdrew from, or failed to complete. This was done to judge the student’s previous academic levels. Next, they took what is called the GDI to determine the student’s levels of depression. Students who showed abnormally high levels of depression were removed from the study to be further analyzed. The students remaining had scores of average or below average levels of depression. The final test was the PSQI, which is a self-report survey to determine the subjects sleep patterns. Using these self-report surveys the conductors of the experiment were able to determine that there is a relationship between quality of sleep and academic performance. Significance This study is the first known to have found a direct relationship between poor academic performance and poor sleep quality using a large sample size. Previous studies used smaller groups and had not accounted for depression as a factor in poor academic performance. This study also found that the quality of sleep many students experience is well below ideal and that this affects the GPAs of females more so than males although the reason behind this could not be determined. Socially this information can be used when counseling students experiencing poor academic performance, but show no signs of depression. Evaluation The authors presented the procedures and results of this study very effectively, and the materials were made extremely easy to understand. I believe the study could have been more in depth and accurate if actual sleep studies were conducted along with the self-report surveys. Along the same lines, a flaw in the study is that the researchers opened up the possibility of false reporting by only using the surveys and trusting the students to be completely honest. If I were to use two words to describe this article they would be â€Å"expected† and â€Å"well-planned†. Expected† is referring to the results of the study. It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to guess that there is a connection between the quality of sleep and academic performance, however they expound upon that assumption and find more in depth results in the study. As for â€Å"well-planned† it is a word used to describe the procedures used to carry out the study. Eliminating dep ression as a variable was impressive foresight on the researchers part and is a large part of what makes this study so effective. Conclusion This article has thoroughly increased my knowledge of the extent of sleep’s effect on academic performance. While I hypothesized in my own mind that there was a connection, I had no idea how strong. I also think this article has helped me to understand how to help students struggling with academic performance and how to try to figure out all the possible issues instead of issuing a stereotypical label such as laziness. I believe further research should investigate the causes of this decreased quality of sleep and possible cures if it is a medical or biological issue. How to cite Lack of Sleep Effects Student’s Gpa, Essay examples

Mobile Phones And The Mobile Phone Virus Essay Example For Students

Mobile Phones And The Mobile Phone Virus Essay Mobile phone viruses began to emerge, the first mobile phone virus was called Caribe, it was created to infect the Symbian mobile OS. By using the Bluetooth communication feature it was able to spread from phone to phone and upon activation of the device it would display the message Caribe. In 2009 the first iPhone worm Ikee was created it was able to infect and spread among jailbroken iPhones that had installed SSH while using the default root password. This worm changes the wallpaper of your lock screen to a photo of Rick Astley with the message: ikee is never going to give you up.† As of 2011, it s reported that as much as 73,000 malware strains are written every day. Considering that mobile smart phones have slowly been replacing our PC’s daily to do task, we are more at risk now that these malwares are being increasingly written for mobile phones. Just look at history and what occurred with PCs: It may have started as a practical joke, but soon after users started p utting more increasingly personal information it slowly turned from a joke into a more malicious purpose. History always repeats itself and it will be no different with smartphones and with this growing issue we need to be ready to increase our mobile security. Mobile malware that exists for mobile devices varies depending on the platform it’s trying to infect. For example, An Android Trojan is Backdoor.AndroidOS.Obad.a. It is a multi-functional Trojan that enables remote control of the device and allows the programmer access to install programs on to the phone to further infect your device. The Trojan spawned from vulnerability in the DEX2JAR software. DEX2JAR is a program that is used to convert an APK file into a JAR format, which is an executable java file format. Also a hole in the Android operating system was introduced. The virus modifies the xml file (AndroidManifest.xml) to bypass Google standards and allows exploitation on the device. There isn’t a user interface to acess the Backdoor.AndroidOS.Obad.a Trojan, and the program continues to spread in the background processes of the device. Ikee, was the first worm that was known for iOS devices. The worm replaces the wallpaper with a photograph of the singer Rick Astley. It was done through ssh protocols that were made available by jailbreaking an iOS device. Jailbreaking is the process of hacking into the iOS operating system and deleting the restrictions applied by Apple. Apple’s iOS operating system without jailbreaks has still seen many trojans and worms that spread through the App Store, for example the attack on the App Store is by a Russian application that took the user’s contact book information and uploaded the contacts to a server. This app has been removed through from the App Store after being closely monitored with Kaspersky anti-virus. Several instances have occurred in which users with jailbroken iPhones have had private data stolen from their phone. The name of the worm that is commonly linked to stealing private data on iPhones is iPhone/Privacy.A. The tool scans the Wi-Fi network and searches for jailbroken iPhones. After finding the phone the tool copies all data from SMS messages, videos, emails and so on. The program is run on the background while the user continues to use their phone. Statistics from the last few year show the mobile device world has become a major targets for cybercriminals. According to IDC (International Data Corporation), during the first quarter of 2012, Android recorded a year over year rise to an approximate 145% in market share and sales, becoming the most attacked operating system due to the sheer size of its market share and open source architecture. In 2013, nothing was significantly changed in terms of the mobile operating systems that are targeted by malware, Android is still the number one target and other OS get anywhere closer. In the first half of 2013, McAfee Labs researchers counted an approximation of 36,699 mobile malware samples, where 97% of those samples were designed to attack Goog le Android; by the end of this year the mobile malware samples reached 148,778 according to the Kaspersky Security Bulletin for 2013. The reasons for this are Android’s leading market position, based on the incidence of third party app stores and its open source architecture, which make it easy to use for everyone: app developers and malware authors as well. Therefore this trend is not expected to experience any change in further years. On the next graphs it is possible to see this trend and how it has changed over the past three years. Fig A. Mobile Malware trend by OS (2011) Fig B. Mobile Malware trend by OS (2012) .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb , .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .postImageUrl , .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb , .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb:hover , .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb:visited , .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb:active { border:0!important; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb:active , .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u655ebb4030fb8b5e8ec086d9331bcffb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Taming Of The Shrew (197 words) EssayMobile Malware trend by OS (2013) The most critical factor that comes along with the mobile malware development has been the growing use of mobile devices as a form of secondary authentication for user credentials or online transactions. The most common manifestation of this is the mobile transaction authentication number (mtan), which is the authentication used by some banks during online banking transactions. Malware developers are currently able to avoid this extra level of protection by creating a mobile application that catches the SMS messages used to validate these transactions, one example of it is the popular mobile banking Tro jan. On the next graph it is shown the malware distribution by behavior type. Fig C. Malware distribution by behavior type Fig D. Malware distribution by behavior type Finally, according to Juniper Networks the Mobile malware is becoming â€Å"an increasingly profitdriven business†. Mobile vulnerabilities are no longer just a playground for cybercriminals, but have become a common practice to accomplish the new main purpose, which is the financial profit. The following graph shows the comparison between discovered threats that are profit-motivated versus non-profit-motivated ones. Fig E. Mobile Threats profit-motivated versus nonprofit-motivated V. Future Examples of malware and research a. Android: One Root To Own Them All This is a vulnerability showcasing the technical details of Android security bug 8219321, disclosed to Google in February 2013. The vulnerability involves discrepancies in how Android applications are cryptographically verified installed. It allows for APK code modification without breaking the cryptographic signature. Therefore, that in turn is a simple step away from system access control. The vulnerability affects a wide number of Android devices, across generations architectures, with little to no modifications of the exploit. b. Android SpyPhone Service The Android SpyPhone service can be injected into any Android application. Phones can be tracked and operated from a Web based command and control server. The application can be used to track the phone s location, intercept phone calls and SMS messages, extract e-mail and contact lists, and activate the camera and microphone without being detected. c. Compromised CDMA Femtocell A Femtocell is a low-power cellular base station given or sold to subscribers by mobile network operators. It works just like a small cell tower, using a home Internet connection to interface with the provider network. When in range, a mobile phone will connect to a femtocell as if it were a standard cell tower and send all its traffic through it without any indication to the user. The state-of-the-art authentication protecting cell phone networks can be an imposing target. However, with the rising popularity of femtocells there is more than one way to attack a cellular network. Inside, they run Linux, and they can be hacked. A femtocell can be used for traffic interception of voice/SMS/data, active network attacks, and can even be able to clone a mobile device without physical access.. d. iOS Device Malicious Chargers Despite the plethora of defense mechanisms in iOS, it is possible to inject arbitrary software into current-generation Apple devices running the latest operating system (OS) software. All users are affected, because it requires neither a jailbroken device nor user interaction. An iOS device can be compromised within one minute of being plugged into a malicious charger. USB capabilities can be leveraged to bypass these defense mechanisms. To ensure persistence of the resulting infection, an attacker can hide their software in the same way Apple hi des its own built-in applications. To demonstrate practical application of these vulnerabilities, a proof of concept malicious charger was built, called Mactans, using a BeagleBoard. This hardware illustrates the ease with which innocent-looking, malicious USB chargers can be constructed. While Mactans was built with limited amount of time and a small budget, it is mind bottling what more motivated, well-funded adversaries could accomplish. VI. Conclusion With the threat of â€Å"Mobile Malware† looming in the air, the desire to give the general public fair warning has never been greater. This paper was intended to provided that knowledge the general public needs and will reinforce the topic to those who were already aware. The history of malware gave you a look into the not so distant past. The discussion of technical examples of malware was intended to show you how rapidly the threat is developing along with the statistics of malware’s current expansion, and the future examples of malware and research showed you concepts that were unimaginable to the common electronic consumer. The majority of malware was originally designed to be a practical joke , but as we can see from the ever growing desire for malicious intent, the evolution of malware has followed suite. We can only hope that the growing need for security can be met.